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Generalissimus, Erzherzog Karl von Habsburg at Aspern-Essling Heavily defeated in 1805 and subjected to a diet of constant humiliation thereafter, Austria had until 1808 maintained a low profile. Under the leadership of the Archduke Charles, the army was strengthened through military reforms, but Charles himself believed that Vienna should cut its losses in Germany and […]

The Garde Impériale at Aspern-Essling The Austrian collapse was not quite the end of the story, even if what remained made depressing reading for Napoleon’s opponents. By the time of the battle of Wagram, Sweden was effectively out of the war: following a series of reverses, on 13 March Gustav IV had been overthrown by […]

Napoléon at the Battle of Austerlitz, by François Gérard The French concentrated around the Rhine from early to mid-September. 210,000 troops of the Grande Armée prepared to cross into Germany and encircle the Austrians. The small Bavarian town of Wertingen had rarely figured very prominently in German history. A sleepy place south of the Danube […]

The Capitulation of Ulm by Charles Thévenin,where General Mack and 23,000 Austrian troops surrendered to Napoleon. The strategic situation from 11 to 14 October. The French hurl themselves westwards to capture the Austrian army. To talk of Trafalgar in this fashion is possibly to speak with the benefit of hindsight. But for Napoleon, the news […]