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The Russian civil war, which started in 1918, was both a regular and a partisan war. At least four groups can be identified: the communists, who propagated their fighting as a ‘‘people’s war’’; the ‘‘Whites,’’ or counterrevolutionary forces; the nationalists, like the army of the Ukrainian directorate; and predominantly the ‘‘Greens,’’ a loose conglomerate of […]

It was inevitable that German attention would fall upon this small enclave of `oppressed’ Germans, and in 1939, Berlin demanded the return of Memelland to Germany in an ultimatum delivered verbally by Joachim von Ribbentrop on 20 March to the Lithuanian Foreign Minister, Juozas Urbsys, who was passing through Berlin on his way home from […]

4 July 1943 5th Guards Tank Corps, Voronezh Front The 5th Guards Tank Corps traces its origins back to the 40th Tank Division, formed from separate tank battalions in the Kiev Special Military District on March 11, 1941, as a part of the 19th Mechanized Corps. When the war started on June 22, 1941, the […]

‘War puts nations to the test. Just as mummies crumble to dust the moment they are exposed to air, so war pronounces its sentence of death on those social institutions which have become ossified.’ (Karl Marx, 1855). Maskirovka, the art of deception, formed the very bedrock of Soviet military practice and is still an important […]