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Hetman of Zaporizhian Host MAZEPA, HETMAN IVAN STEPANOVICH (c. 1639-1709), Hetman (Cossack military leader) of Left-Bank Ukraine, 1687 to 1708. Hetman Ivan Mazepa was raised in Poland and educated in the West, returning to Ukraine in 1663 to enter the service of the Polish-sponsored hetman Peter Doroshenko during the turbulent period of Ukrainian history known […]

The Battle of Poltava (8 July 1709) was the decisive victory of Peter the Great (Peter I of Russia) over the Swedish Empire forces under Field Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, in one of the battles of the Great Northern War. It was the beginning of the Swedish Empire’s decline as a European great power, while […]