`The Black Day’: Amiens to the Hindenburg Line Part I

Breaking the Hindenburg Line, by Will Longstaff. The first deliberate Allied step was the British Fourth Army’s attack at Amiens. Sir Henry Rawlinson wanted to attack to clear the Germans away from the key railway junction at that city, and detailed why it was tactically feasible as well as strategically desirable. His top two reasons […]

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`The Black Day’: Amiens to the Hindenburg Line Part II

This sort of fighting led to average gains of 1-3 miles per day, not much more than the range of a creeping barrage (showing how much the infantry wanted and needed support – which was understandable, with them fighting every day). Often the attack would peter out by midday, with the afternoon spent organising for […]

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MARCO POLO BRIDGE INCIDENT (JULY 7, 1937)

Japanese forces bombarding Wanping, 1937. Marco Polo Bridge 1937. Japanese called this the “China Incident” (“Shina jihen”). Shots were fired out of the dark at Japanese troops of the North China Garrison Army near the Lugouqiao-or Lugou, or Marco Polo-bridge over a tributary of the Hai River. It is not known who fired at the […]

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Kutuzov takes Command Part II

Ney’s infantry push Russian grenadiers back from the flèches (which can be seen from the rear in the background). Detail from the Borodino Panorama. Saxon cuirassiers and Polish lancers of Latour-Maubourg’s cavalry corps clash with Russian cuirassiers. The rise of Raevsky redoubt is on the right, the steeple of Borodino church in the background. Detail […]

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Kutuzov takes Command Part III

M.I. Kutuzov and his staff in the meeting at Fili village, when Kutuzov decided that the Russian army had to retreat from Moscow. As Ermolov and Kutaisov were riding past the Raevsky Redoubt on their way to Second Army they saw the Russian troops in the neighbourhood in full flight. It was crucial for the […]

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Kutuzov takes Command Part I

General Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov at Borodino In the nineteen days between the evacuation of Smolensk and the battle of Borodino Barclay’s popularity reached its lowest point among the troops. The soldiers had been told they would bury Napoleon on the river Dvina and then that they would fight to the death first for Vitebsk and […]

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Action at Jumonville’s Glen

Event Date: May 28, 1754 Battle between French and British provincial forces that marked the start of the French and Indian War. Following the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Britain and France attempted to negotiate an end to a border dispute between their North American empires. While the diplomats talked, British traders moved across the Allegheny […]

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Mexican-French War (1861–1867)

Clockwise from left: (1) French assault on the fort of San Xavier during the siege of Puebla (March 1863) (2) French cavalry capture the Republican’s flag during the Battle San Pablo del Monte (1863) (3) Manet’s depiction of the execution of Emperor Maximilian (1867) PRINCIPAL COMBATANTS: France and Mexican conservative forces vs. forces loyal to […]

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French-British Conflict pre-Seven Years’ War

Attack on the French Fleet at Louisbourg. The French naval and colonial ministry offered little guidance to the respective governors general. In April 1749 the experienced Maurepas was relieved of his duties and exiled from Versailles by his rivals at court. The French Council of State, whose members were beholden only to the king, was […]

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